There is now general
consensus amongst scholars that book 3 and 4 of Tibullus’ elegies are by other
hands: book 4 by Sulpicia and 3, 1-6 by Lygdamus. Little to nothing is known
about Lygdamus, except may be his birthdate: 43 BC., which can be reconstructed
from elegy 3.5.17, but this might well be a mystification of the author. A Lygdamus
is clearly a pseudonym, as well the name of his wife or mistress Naeara, there
is no solution for identifying the real author.
The elegies of book 3 are
considered of less literary merit than those by Tibullus himself and were it
not that at an early point in the manuscript tradition they were included in
the corpus of Tibullus, they would probably not have come down to the present
day.
Elegy 1 addresses Naeara
at the Matronalia, a festival
celebrating motherhood and married women in general. This festival took place
at March 1, the original Roman New Year. Processions were all over the town and
husbands and daughters gave gifts to their wife and mother. Lygdamus decides to
send a book (or rather scroll) to Neaera, containing his poems, though as it is
not certain whether this woman is real or just fiction, it need not be that
this role contained the present poems. His description of this book has roused
the interest of historians, as hardly any book role has survived antiquity.
Unfortunately, his description is far from clear as he mainly uses phrases from
other poets, giving more authority to poetic embellishment than to clarity.
The text is corrupt and the
manuscripts offer a variety of readings. Often such texts are left out in
anthologies and curricula, but it can do no harm to include such a text now and
then as an illustration of the difficulties of constituting a text.
Note: I have used the
edition of Tränkle (Berlin. 1990) and Navarro (Leyden, 1996).
Tibullus 3.1
Martis Romani festae
uenere kalendae
- exoriens nostris hic fuit annus auis -
et uaga nunc certa discurrunt undique pompa
perque uias urbis munera perque
domos.
Dicite, Pierides, quonam donetur honore 5
seu mea, seu fallor, cara Neaera
tamen.
Carmine formosae, pretio capiuntur auarae:
gaudeat, ut digna est, uersibus
illa meis.
Lutea sed niueum inuoluat
membrana libellum,
pumex et canas tondeat ante comas, 10
summaque praetexat tenuis fastigia chartae
indicet ut nomen littera facta
tuum,
atque inter geminas pingantur cornua frontes:
sic etenim comptum mittere
oportet opus.
Per uos, auctores huius mihi carminis, oro 15
Castaliamque umbram Pieriosque
lacus,
ite domum cultumque illi donate libellum,
sicut erit: nullus defluat inde color.
Illa mihi referet, si nostri mutua cura est,
an minor, an toto pectore deciderim. 20
Sed primum meritam larga
donate salute
atque haec submisso dicite uerba sono:
"Haec tibi uir quondam, nunc frater, casta Neaera,
mittit et accipias munera parua
rogat,
teque suis iurat caram magis esse medullis, 25
siue sibi coniunx siue futura
soror;
sed potius coniunx: huius spem nominis illi
auferet extincto pallida Ditis
aqua."
venere = venerunt
kalendae:
the first day of the month. The kalendae of March was the first day of the
year, till under Caesar the beginning of the year was set at the first of
January.
exoriens annus:
the beginning of a year
avus:
grandfather, forefather
et vaga nunc certa = nunc vaga et certa
vagus:
roaming
certus: orderly
pompa:
procession
undique:
everywhere
munera: new
year’s gifts
Pierides:
the Muses
seu…sue = sive…sive
fallor: to
err
tamen: at
least
formosus:
beautiful
pretium:
money
avarus:
greedy
luteus:
golden-yellow
niveus:
snow-white
involvo involvi involutum: to envelope
membrana:
parchment, covering (here a kind of covering for the libellum protecting the
papyrus from damage,)
pumex – icis
(m.): pumice-stone (used to shave (tondeo
totondi tonsum) the hair (coma)
on parchment.)
canus: white
ante: (adv.)
before
summaque praetexat tenuis fastigia chartae indicet ut
nomen littera facta tuum = et
littera facta praetexat summa fastigia tenuis chartis ut indicet nomen tuum
praetexo –texui –tectum: to border, cover (i.e. a word (littera) is written on the highest top (summa fastigia, poetic plural) of the soft parchment (tenuis chartae)
cornua: (probably)
the curved ends of the stick around which books were rolled, usually ornamented
with ivory (The word is rare in this context: the normal word for a stick
around which a book role was wound is umbilicus.)
atque inter geminas pingantur cornua frontes: a much discussed verse: The frontes are the top and bottom
margin, but what to do with inter?
And what is meant exactly? The most easy solution is the read geminae (dubble), meaning that both
margins are illustrated.
etenim:
indeed
como compsi comptum: ta arrange, adorn
auctores:
the Muses
per…Castaliamque umbram Pieriosque lacus: along the Castalian shadow and the Pierian spring
(Castellia and Pieria were a wood and a spring at mount Parnassus and sacred to
the Muses.)
domum: of
Naeara
cultum = comptum
defluat color:
i.e. fade away
referet: can’t
be right: either referat (so Tränkle
in his edition) or referte (the
edition of Navarro)
Illa mihi referat/ referte, si nostri mutua cura
est, an minor, an toto pectore
deciderim: she must tell me (or: you
must tell me) whether our love is (still) mutual, or that it is less, or that I
have fallen from her (your) whole heart.
meritam: she
who deserves it
larga donate salute: difficult phrase: a solemn
formula for plurimam salutem dicere `
(say much greeting to her)
submisso sono:
in a low voice
haec: with munera parva
uir quondam, nunc frater: i.e. they had no sexual relationship any longer
et accipias munera parua rogat = et rogat: accipias
munera parua
teque suis iurat caram magis esse medullis: and he swears that you are more (to him) than his
own heart (medulla: marrow, inmost
part, heart)
huius spem nominis: i.e. coniunx
huius spem nominis illi auferet extincto pallida Ditis
aqua: the pale water of the
Underworld will take away the hope for this name from him when he is dead.
Translation by by THEODORE
C. WILLIAMS (1908)
THE NEW-YEAR'S GIFT
Now the month of Mars beginning brings the
merry season near,
By our fathers named and numbered as the
threshold of the year.
Faithfully their custom keeping, through the
wide streets to and fro,
Offered at each friendly dwelling, seasonable
gifts must go.
O what gifts, Pierian Muses, may acceptably
be poured
On my own adored Neaera?—or, if not my own,
adored!
Song is love's best gift to beauty; gold but
tempts the venal soul;
Therefore, 'tis a song I send her on this
amateurish scroll.
Wind a page of saffron parchment round the
white papyrus there,
Polish well with careful pumice every silvery
margin fair:
On the dainty little cover, for a title to
the same
Let her bright eyes read the blazon of a
love-sick poet's name.
Let the pair of horn-tipped handles be
embossed with colors gay,
For my book must make a toilet, must put on
its best array.
By Castalia's whispering shadow, by Pieria's
vocal spring,
By yourselves, O listening Muses, who did
prompt the song I sing,—
Fly, I pray you, to her chamber, and my
pretty booklet bear,
All unmarred and perfect give it, every color
fresh and fair:
Let her send you back, confessing, if our
hearts together burn;
Or, if she but loves me little, or will
nevermore return.
Utter first, for she deserves it, many a
golden wish and vow;
Then deliver this true message, humbly, as I
speak it now.
'Tis a gift, O chaste Neaera, from thy
husband yet to be.
Take the trifle, though a "brother"
now is all he seems to thee.
He will swear he loves thee dearer than the
blood in all his veins;
Whether husband, or if only that cold
"sister" name remains.
Ah! but "wife" he calls it: nothing
takes this sweet hope from his soul!
Till a hapless ghost he wanders where the
Stygian waters roll.
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