Caesar: war atrocities.

This week it became known that Dutch archaeologists claimed to have found the location where in 55 BC Caesar massacred two Germanic tribes, the Tencteri and the Usipetes, at the confluence of Meuse and Rhine. Both rivers had a different course than nowadays, but by chance, while dredging the Meuse near modern Kessel, a large amount of Germanic weaponry and a number of skeletons clearly killed by violence were found. 

Caesar wanted to cross the Rhine there, this to the dismay of Germanic tribes living there and they built a fortification to prevent Caesar from crossing the Rhine.  There were some skirmishes, but a truce was agreed. Despite this truce, Germanic troops suddenly attacked a Roman force, putting them to flight. When the following morning a body of old men and leaders of the Germanic tribes came to Caesar’s camp, claiming they had nothing to do with the attack, they were taken prisoner and Caesar decided to act quickly.
The result was a massacre in which women and children were indiscriminately killed.

Nowadays the International Criminal Court is based at The Hague. Caesar would have been their first target, were he still alive…

Caesar, De Bello Gallico IV, 14-15

[14] 1 Acie triplici instituta et celeriter VIII milium itinere confecto, prius ad hostium castra pervenit quam quid ageretur Germani sentire possent. 2 Qui omnibus rebus subito perterriti et celeritate adventus nostri et discessu suorum, neque consilii habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato perturbantur, copiasne adversus hostem ducere an castra defendere an fuga salutem petere praestaret. 3 Quorum timor cum fremitu et concursu significaretur, milites nostri pristini diei perfidia incitati in castra inruperunt. 4 Quo loco qui celeriter arma capere potuerunt paulisper nostris restiterunt atque inter carros impedimentaque proelium commiserunt; 5 at reliqua multitudo puerorum mulierumque (nam cum omnibus suis domo excesserant Rhenum transierant) passim fugere coepit, ad quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit.

[15] 1 Germani post tergum clamore audito, cum suos interfici viderent, armis abiectis signis militaribus relictis se ex castris eiecerunt, 2 et cum ad confluentem Mosae et Rheni pervenissent, , magno numero interfecto, reliqui se in flumen praecipitaverunt atque ibi timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis oppressi perierunt. 3 Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. 4 Caesar iis quos in castris retinuerat discedendi potestatem fecit. 5 Illi supplicia cruciatusque Gallorum veriti, quorum agros vexaverant, remanere se apud eum velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem concessit.

acie triplici: a threefold battle –array

milium (passuum)

iter conficio: to traverse a route

quid ageretur Germani sentire possent = Germani sentire possent, quid ageretur

omnibus rebus: i.e. by celeritate adventus nostri and discessu suorum (the leaders taken by Caesar)

spatio: time, opportunity

pertubantur, ne…an…an… praestaret:  confused whether...or…or …would be preferred

Quorum timor cum = Cum eorum timor (cum is here not a preposition!)

fremitus fremitus (m.): loud noise

pristini diei perfidia: the treachery of the day before

inrumpo inrupi inruptum:  to break into

quo loco = in castris

paulisper: for a short moment

impedimentum: baggage of an army (including animals)

proelium committo:  to engage in a fight

(ex) domo excesserant (et) Rhenum transierant (probably they didn’t want their wives and children leave unprotected at their villages.)

ad quos consectandos: to have them persecuted

Germani: i.e. those who had been able to get hold of their weapon

interfici interfeci interfectum: to kill

armis abiectis (et) signis militaribus relictis (signum militare:  standard)

se ex castris eiecerunt: they threw themselves uot of the camp

reliqua fuga desperata: despairing of further flight

praecipito: to throw headlong

lassidudo lassitudinis (f.): weariness

pereo perii: to vanish, be lost

ad unum omnes incolumes: all till the last one safe

perpaucus: very few

ex (because of) tanti belli…fuisset: Caesarean exaggeration and propaganda!

iis: the Germanic old men and leaders

discedendi potestatem:  allowance for leaving (He could have sold them as slaves.)

Illi supplicia cruciatusque Gallorum veriti: they fearing punishment and torture from the Gauls

vexo: to harass (Germanic tribes were invading Gallic tribes living south of the Rhine.)

 Site of the massacre (note that this is a modern map.)

 

Swords found at Kessel

Translation by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn (18869)

Chapter 14

Having marshalled his army in three lines, and in a short time performed a march of eight miles, he arrived at the camp of the enemy before the Germans could perceive what was going on; who being suddenly alarmed by all the circumstances, both by the speediness of our arrival and the absence of their own officers, as time was afforded neither for concerting measures nor for seizing their arms, are perplexed as to whether it would be better to lead out their forces against the enemy, or to defend their camp, or seek their safety by flight. Their consternation being made apparent by their noise and tumult, our soldiers, excited by the treachery of the preceding day, rushed into the camp: such of them as could readily get their arms, for a short time withstood our men, and gave battle among their carts and baggage wagons; but the rest of the people, [consisting] of boys and women (for they had left their country and crossed the Rhine with all their families) began to fly in all directions; in pursuit of whom Caesar sent the cavalry.

Chapter 15

The Germans when, upon hearing a noise behind them, [they looked and] saw that their families were being slain, throwing away their arms and abandoning their standards, fled out of the camp, and when they had arrived at the confluence of the Meuse and the Rhine, the survivors despairing of further escape, as a great number of their countrymen had been killed, threw themselves into the river and there perished, overcome by fear, fatigue, and the violence of the stream. Our soldiers, after the alarm of so great a war, for the number of the enemy amounted to 430,000, returned to their camp, all safe to a man, very few being even wounded. Caesar granted those whom he had detained in the camp liberty of departing. They however, dreading revenge and torture from the Gauls, whose lands they had harassed, said that they desired to remain with him. Caesar granted them permission.