Phaedrus: The eagle and the crow.

An eagle (aquila) once held a tortoise (testitudo, f.) in the air, but as this animal was safely hidden in his shell, the eagle had no clue how to eat this creature. Then the eagle is advised by a crow (cornix, f.) to drop the tortoise on a rock to break the shell. Now the tortoise has no way to escape its fate.

This story is, like most of Phaedrus’ fables, based on Aesop, but with a difference: in Aesop version the tortoise asks the eagle to lift him in the air, as he wanted to fly. By leaving this out, Phaedrus makes the tortoise a completely innocent victim of the powerful eagle and its wicked advisor. Through the ages up to our time examples are easy to find.

Phaedrus 2.6, Aquila et Cornix.

Contra potentes nemo est munitus satis;

si vero accessit consiliator maleficus,

vis et nequitia quicquid oppugnant, ruit.

Aquila in sublime sustulit testudinem.

quae cum abdidisset cornea corpus domo

nec ullo pacto laedi posset condita,

venit per auras cornix et propter volans:

Opimam sane praedam rapuisti unguibus;

sed nisi monstraro quid sit faciendum tibi,

gravi nequiquam te lassabit pondere.

Promissa parte suadet, ut scopulum super

altis ab astris duram illidat corticem,

qua comminuta facile vescatur cibo.

Inducta verbis aquila, monitis paruit,

simul et magistrae large divisit dapem.

Sic tuta quae naturae fuerat munere,

impar duabus occidit tristi nece.

munio munivi munitum: to protect

satis: sufficiently

consiliator –oris (m.): counsellor

maleficus: wicked

quicquid …, ruit = quicquid ruit, (quod).. (everything falls down, what etc.)

nequitia: wickedness (vis refers to the potentes, nequitia to the consiliator maleficus)

in sublime: high in the air

abdo abdidi abditum: to hide (= condo)

corneus: made of horn

nec ullo pacto: in no way

laedo laesi laesum: to hurt, damage

propter (adv.): nearby

opimus: fat, plump

sane: indeed

praeda: booty

rapio rapui raptum: to snatch

unguis unguis (m.): nail, claw

monstraro = monstravero

nequiquam: in vain

lasso: to tire

pondus ponderis (n.) : weight

promissa parte: i.e. of the praeda

suadeo suasi suasum: to advise

scopulus: rock (scopulum super = super scopulum)

altis ab astris: from high in the air

illido illiso illisum: to dash to pieces

cortex cortices (m. and by poets f.): shell

qua comminuta: which having been broken (comminuo, ui utum)

vescor (+ abl.): to eat

cibus: food

inducta: lead

monitum: advice

pareo parui (+ dat.): to yield

simul: at once

magistrae: i.e. the cornex

large: generously

daps dapis (f.): meal

naturae munere: by work of nature

impar imparis (+ dat.): ill-matched

occidit from occĭdo , occĭdi, occāsum: to fall down

nex necis (f.): violent death

Translation by Christopher Smart (1912).

The Eagle, Carrion Crow, and Tortoise.

No soul can warrant life or right,

Secure from men of lawless might;

But if a knave's advice assist,

'Gainst fraud and force what can exist ?

An Eagle on a Tortoise fell,

And mounting bore him by the shell:

She with her house her body screens,

Nor can be hurt by any means.

A Carrion Crow came by that way,

" You've got," says she, " a luscious prey;

But soon its weight will make you rue,

Unless I show you what to do."

The captor promising a share,

She bids her from the upper air

To dash the shell against a rock,

Which would be sever'd by the shock.

The Eagle follows her behest,

Then feasts on turtle with his guest.

Thus she, whom Nature made so strong,

And safe against external wrong,

No match for force, and its allies,

To cruel death a victim dies.

Ovid: courting at the races.

Ovid’s Ars Amatoria is a collection of three poems devoted to how to win a woman. Due to its sometimes explicit descriptions, it has been controversial since its publication. Notwithstanding that, it was used as a school text during the Middle Ages. In this extract Ovid gives advice how to court a girl at the races. His tips are still useful.

Ovidius, Ars Amatoria 1,135-62

Nec te nobilium fugiat certamen equorum;               135

     multa capax populi commoda Circus habet.

Nil opus est digitis, per quos arcana loquaris,

     Nec tibi per nutus accipienda nota est:

proximus a domina, nullo prohibente, sedeto,

     iunge tuum lateri qua potes usque latus;               140

et bene, quod cogit, si nolis, linea iungi,

     quod tibi tangenda est lege puella loci.

Hic tibi quaeratur socii sermonis origo,

     Et moveant primos publica verba sonos.

Cuius equi veniant, facito, studiose, requiras:               145

     Nec mora, quisquis erit, cui favet illa, fave.

At cum pompa frequens caelestibus ibit eburnis,

     tu Veneri dominae plaude favente manu;

utque fit, in gremium pulvis si forte puellae

     Deciderit, digitis excutiendus erit:               150

Etsi nullus erit pulvis, tamen excute nullum:

     quaelibet officio causa sit apta tuo.

Pallia si terra nimium demissa iacebunt,

     collige, et inmunda sedulus effer humo;

protinus, officii pretium, patiente puella               155

     contingent oculis crura videnda tuis.

Respice praeterea, post vos quicumque sedebit,

     Ne premat opposito mollia terga genu.

Parva leves capiunt animos: fuit utile multis

     pulvinum facili composuisse manu.               160

profuit et tenui ventos movisse tabella,

     et cava sub tenerum scamna dedisse pedem.

Nec te fugiat certamen: let not the contest escape you

capax commoda: easily containing (+ gen.)

Nil opus est digitis: i.e. for making secret (arcana) signs

nutus, nutus (m.): nod, hint

nota: sign

proximus a: next to

sedeto: -to is the 2^nd and 3^rd imp. of the futurum

iunge tuum lateri qua potes usque latus = iunge tuum latus lateri usque qua potes: join your side to her side right on as far as you can

et bene, quod cogit, si nolis, linea iungi = et bene (est vos) linea (abl !) iungi, si nolis

linea: line (marked on the benches for separating the seats)

si nolis: even if you don’t want it

lege loci: by law of the place she sits (we all experiencethis when we are sitting in an overcrowded train or bus: we are touched by others and touche others by lege loci)

socii sermonis origo: the beginning of an informal chat

publica verba: common talk (i.e. don’t go at once into private matters!)

facito requiras: make that you ask

studiose: eagerly, studiously

mora: delay

faveo favi fauturus (+ dat.): to favour

pompa frequens: a crowded procession (befor beginning of a race a festive procession was held at which ivory images of gods (caelestibus eburnis) were carried, amongst these also one of Venus)

gremium: lap

etsi: albeit

pulvis pulveris (m.): dust

decido decidi: to fall down

excutio excussi excussum: to remove

officium: service

pallia si (in) terra nimium demissa iacebunt: when the mantle to much hanging down is lying on the ground (the plural is either used for the singular or it denotes a frequent occurrence – with various girls of course. Likewise tergum `back’ in line 158 and scamna in 162. The description is like a scene from some movie.)

immundus: dirty (immunda pallia)

sedulus: careful, sedulous

effer humo: lift from the ground

protinus: immediately

patiente puella: if the girl permits

contigo contigi contactum (+ dat.): to touch, fall upon

crura videnda: her visible legs (litt. `her legs to be seen’)

opposite genu: with his opposing knee

mollis mollis: soft, gentle

parva leves: small things, small gestures

pulvinum compono: to arrange a cushion

tenuis: small, elegant

tabella: fan

cava scamna: a scamnun is a stool and here probably a small  foot-bench, hollow (cavus) for the comfort of the feet.

                                                              

Translation by A.S. Klyne.

Don’t forget the races, those noble stallions:

the Circus holds room for a vast obliging crowd.

No need here for fingers to give secret messages,

nor a nod of the head to tell you she accepts:

You can sit by your lady: nothing’s forbidden,

press your thigh to hers, as you can do, all the time:

and it’s good the rows force you close, even if you don’t like it,

since the girl is touched through the rules of the place.

Now find your reason for friendly conversation,

and first of all engage in casual talk.

Make earnest enquiry whose those horses are:

and rush to back her favourite, whatever it is.

When the crowded procession of ivory gods goes by,

you clap fervently for Lady Venus:

if by chance a speck of dust falls in the girl’s lap,

as it may, let it be flicked away by your fingers:

and if there’s nothing, flick away the nothing:

let anything be a reason for you to serve her.

If her skirt is trailing too near the ground,

lift it, and raise it carefully from the dusty earth:

Straightaway, the prize for service, if she allows it,

is that your eyes catch a glimpse of her legs.

Don’t forget to look at who’s sitting behind you,

that he doesn’t press her sweet back with his knee.

Small things please light minds: it’s very helpful

to puff up her cushion with a dextrous touch.

And it’s good to raise a breeze with a light fan,

and set a hollow stool beneath her tender feet.